Gucci Brief

GUCCI GROUP N. V. (A) [pic] BUSINESS BRIEF Gucci is one of the most glittering names in the luxury world. The trademark of red-and-green striped webbing & GG logo became known worldwide. Gucci have $3 billion in hand to expand their business. By keeping in view this case study I suggest that Gucci should move towards multi-branding. Because Desole was confident that Gucci’s creative team would be able to recreate its magic at YSL. And the future of Gucci really lies with multi-brand groups. Gucci faced the challenges from LVMH. LVMH considered adding Gucci to his stable of brands but balked at the asking price of $350 million. So, Gucci is not secure if Gucci not acquire the multi-brands than, any other company may acquire it. Gucci retained deep roots in Italy, and it was a remarkably international company, even before becoming a multi-brand group. Gucci’s core customer was a wealthy, somewhat conservative & older woman. These customers are fashion & style oriented customers. Style oriented customers are more brand loyal than fashion-concious customers. When Gucci start multi-branding these customers are ready to buy these products with the brand of GUCCI. Gucci acquired Sanofi Beaute, it split into two companies YSL ready-to-wear and accessories, & YSL Beaute which managed the fragrance & cosmetics brands. The Sanofi Beaute transactions transformed Gucci into a multi-brand group with $3 billion in cash. It shows that multi-branding is profitable for Gucci. Because when Gucci provide the shoes and cosmetics with their own brand after acquiring the already existing powerful brands of these products. Gucci’s customers are more willing to buy these products. The future of Gucci is secure with the multi-brand group. It increases the profitability and market share of Gucci.

Much Ado About Nothing- Beatrice and Benedick Essay

The relationship between Beatrice and Benedick develops throughout the early stages of Much Ado about Nothing by William Shakespeare. Past encounters between the two characters ignites a skirmish of wit between the two where they attempt to get inside each other’s head. The wittiness used by Beatrice and Benedick also suggests that there is a deeper meaning behind what they say and that they are deceived by their own foolishness. When we are first introduced to Beatrice and Benedick we learn of the ‘merry war’ between them. This skirmish of wit that occurs invokes past encounters. The two exchange a volley of sly and witty comments. As Beatrice ‘knows [him] of old’ she believes that Benedick is a ‘crow’ and is no more than a ‘very dull fool’. On the other hand, Benedick’s ‘commendation is not in his wit, but in his villainy’. Benedick chooses to snipe at Beatrice and ‘always ends with a Jade’s trick’. These exchanges of witty comments between the pair suggest that there is a deep tension between them. It is revealed of the start of the play that the pair new each other ‘of old’, they were in a relationship and that this ‘merry war’ was expected of them in the Shakespearian society. The comments that are exchanged during this ‘merry war’ suggest that there is a deeper meaning behind their witty remarks and that their relationship could be far more meaningful then it currently is. This skirmish of wit between the two is deceptive. They do not want to show their actual feelings for one another. Beatrice believes that Benedick’s supposed image of himself being ‘loved by all ladies’ is full of arrogance and extremely unlikely. However this link between Benedick and his love for Beatrice portrays the idea that she may indeed have feelings for Benedick and that he is not just a ‘beast’. Although Beatrice’s comments are ruthless and unforgiving, we get the feeling that because of the wittiness of them and the tone of her voice that she doesn’t really mean them and that she is afraid of opening up about ‘loving’ Benedick. The two also share the same opinion about love, Beatrice would ‘rather hear [her] dog bark at a crow than a man swear he loves [her]’, this is one of the very few qualities that Benedick admires about Beatrice and that she should ‘keep [her] ladyship in that mind’. This reference to love by Shakespeare gives a sense of anticipation that there are feelings between Beatrice and Benedick that are to develop throughout the play. The ‘merry war’ between Beatrice and Benedick is unwanted and unhealthy for both Beatrice and Benedick. It is obvious that both characters have strong feelings for one another and they are just deceiving themselves if they think otherwise. I think that Beatrice and Benedick are better off when they are together, like at the end of the play. With the feelings that Beatrice and Benedick feel for each other I do not believe that this ‘merry war’ could have continued.

Consumption Journal Essay

In consumer behavior, it is vital that upon completion of the course students have acquired a sound understanding of how consumers search for, purchase, and use products and services. Furthermore, students should also be exposed to the social and psychological influences on these behaviors. Finally, to have garnered the most benefit, students should understand how to integrate the theoretical concepts into their real world experiences. To achieve these broad objectives, a large amount of information must be presented by the instructor and then processed by the students. The purpose of this paper is to describe the use of consumption journals. This exercise enables students to not only observe and record their own consumption habits, but also to explore the social and psychological factors which may be influencing their and others’ purchase decisions. Furthermore the greatest benefit is that they enjoy the learning process. Exercise Overview This exercise is designed to be an incremental three part assignment. The first part requires students to maintain a personal consumption journal. In the second part, each student is told to construct a portrait of themselves as a consumer by developing a list of ten products or services typically purchased. The third portion of the assignment is an advertisement evaluation. This requires students to select two products from their ten product list and locate advertisements or promotions for them. For each advertisement selected, students are required to identify four to six consumer behavior concepts used in the ad, to describe the demographic and psychographic segments to which the ad was targeted and to explain the reasoning for their conclusions. Finally, students are asked to assess whether or not they are representative of these segments. Consumption Journal Each student is responsible for maintaining a consumption journal which describes the products and services which they purchase. Descriptions include what products and services are purchased, where the items are purchased, why the items are purchased, and what feelings are associated with the purchase. Students are required to complete a minimum of two entries each week. Students are asked to submit the preceding weeks’ entries with the new entries, allowing the instructor to view the weekly progress and making the students more aware of the patterns present in their consumption behavior. Part 1: Consumption Journal You are responsible for maintaining a consumption journal which describes the products and services which you purchase/used. Descriptions should include what products and services are purchased/used, where the items are purchased/used, why the items are purchased/used, and what feelings/thoughts/actions were associated with the purchase. You must bring your consumption journals to every class. Dos and Don’ts 1. Do describe the consumption activity and your own thoughts, feelings and actions in some detail, but you do not have to detail every tiny bit. I would consider the sample below as fairly detailed. Do not make it much more detailed unless you have to. 2. Do limit it to consumption activity that can be described in public. 3. Do focus on more important consumption activities. If there aren’t any, then drop down to the more mundane activities. 4. Try to get at least 15 entries during the month (obviously many of them would be ordinary activities, but if you have two activities for the same product—as below—that counts as two activities. 5. Don’t limit yourself only to purchases†¦.consumption is defined broadly as pre-purchase, purchase, and post-purchase situations in which you experience feelings, thoughts and actions in regards to achieving satisfaction or reducing dissatisfaction.

White Collar Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

White Collar Crime - Essay Example White collar crimes are a major threat to economic development in any country or society, as they are much more difficult to track and prevent. This is due to the fact that they are perpetrated by men and women of high social status and integrity, who use positions entrusted to them to facilitate criminal activities either for personal or corporate gains. Such crimes include and not limited to corruption, identity theft, tax evasion and embezzlement among others such as money laundering (Simon & Eitzen, 2000). This paper is a critical evaluation of white collar crimes as compared to conventional crimes. White Collar Crimes White-collar crime is a terminology which was first used by Edwin Sutherland to define criminal activities perpetrated by men and women of high social status, whose occupations facilitate them with an avenue to commit crime (Friedrichs, 2003). In this context, these people use their positions and influence to attain financial gains at the expense of their employers . For example, a government minister may use his position to influence the awarding of tenders in his or her ministry, so as to favor certain individuals who would be willing to reward the minister for doing so. This may be done at the expense of other more deserving and experienced contractors. In such a circumstance, the minister will have committed a serious white-collar crime punishable by law i.e. corruption. One of the major characteristics of this type of crime is that it is nonviolent. This is due to the fact that it occurs in a legitimate environment in which the perpetrator will seem to be conducting normal business (Pontell, 2002). For example, a traffic police officer carries out the duties of ensuring that road users obey and observe traffic rules. In the course of performing his duties, he may be forced to arrest a driver for breaking one of the rules. In this context, the officer by virtue of his position as a law enforcer has two choices which he can make i.e. either to arrest and detain the driver or to come to an agreement which may entail accepting money in exchange with the driver’s freedom i.e. accepting bribery. This is as opposed to conventional crimes, such as robbery, murder, rape among others, which are committed with a sense of violence in them. This is due to the fact that in such crimes, perpetrators have to contest with their victims so as to benefit from the process. A bank robber for example will have to use a gun so as to scare his victims and if he feels threatened, he may be forced to shoot. The same case happens to rapists and carjackers, who must use force so as to subdue their victims. Based on these issues, it becomes much easier for these crimes to be detected as they will always involve witnesses, who in turn will report to the authorities (Reiman, 1998). On the contrary, white collar crimes are difficult to detect and therefore will mostly go unreported maybe until when it is too late. For example, a person may not have to appear physically in a bank so as to commit robbery. In this computer era, one may use his technical knowledge to access accounts online by the way of hacking, mostly on credit cards, and make purchases without the knowledge of the card holder (Newman & Clarke, 2003). This makes it difficult for the police to arrest the culprits unlike when they are confronted with a hostage situation. In this context, white collar crimes are perpetrated by people with opportunity and technical knowhow, thus making them much more complex as compared to other conventional crimes. As the rate of white collar crimes continue to increase, the society at large continues to suffer the consequences. For example, it is estimated that the US government loses more than $300 billion, on annual basis, to these crimes, which include tax evasion by wealthy individuals (Pontell, 2002). Such money could be used to improve the lives of

Economic inflation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Economic inflation - Essay Example Inflation is the consistent and sustained general price increase of commodities over a period of time leading to fewer goods being purchased with every unit of the current currency. Inflation indicates a loss in the purchasing power based on each unit of money within an economy. This is measured through the consumer price index over specified duration of time (Hart, 2009). There are two major causes of inflation in any economy which are the demand-pull inflation and the cost-push inflation both of which will be discussed below in detail and their effects explained as well. Causes The demand-pull inflation occurs when the demand of the goods or services exceed the ability to produce them or exceed the supply. Suppliers start increasing the prices of the reduced goods and services when they start realizing its diminishing supply. If this continues, the central bank starts increasing the supply of money as a reaction to the aggregate demand. With the increase in money supply in circulat ion, businesses cannot increase the production and hence supply remains constant for a short while but this leads in the long run to an increase in equilibrium and prices rise resulting therefore to inflation (Tucker, 2012). According to the illustration, Demand moves from D0 to D1, the supply remains constant for a while but then the equilibrium shifts from A to B leading to price increase and hence inflation. Source: http://econrsrch/wklyltr/2000/el2000-21.html. The cost-push inflation is the other cause of inflation where there is an increase in cost of production which ultimately leads to an increase in the prices of raw materials and wages. This increased cost by the firms is passed on to consumers. The cost-push inflation is caused by a monopoly company, inflation in the wages, natural disasters, when the natural resources deplete, when the foreign exchange rates fall leading to a reduction in the imports or by the government when it increases its taxation (Tucker, 2012). All the above mentioned situations lead to a reduction in supplies. In the illustration, when the production cost increases caused by any of the above mentioned factors, the supply reduces from S0 to S1. The high demand and the reduced supply leads to a shift in the equilibrium and ultimately an increase in the price level from Z to Y causing inflation to take place. Source: http://econrsrch/wklyltr/2000/el2000-21.html. Effects There are positive and negative effects of inflation. The positive effects of inflation include the fact that with inflation, the central banks adjust the interest rates as a way to mitigate the economic recession. This then leads to a ripple effect as banks also adjust their interest rates causing more people to take up loans and mortgages in a bid to deal with the consistently increasing prices and diminished supply. The banks therefore benefit from all this even though mainly it is for a short while depending on how long the inflation last (if it lasts for lon g, the loose as people will be unable to repay the loans and mortgages). The other positive effect is that with the inflation looming, investment is directed to non-monetary projects which otherwise suffer when there is no inflation as people do not get time to invest their time and energy on them but with inflation they become able to (Dwivedi, 2010). The negative effects however surpass the positive ones. These negative effects range from loss of employment leading to massive unemployment as companies which cannot afford to pay wages dismisses their workforce leaving only a few who are overworked with no pay increase while others close their doors as they declare bankruptcy. There is also the fact that people start reducing their spending and usage rates as commodities become rare or the money to buy them dwindles causing a change in the number of meals per day, others go hungry and homeless as they fail to repay to mortgages or their other debts

Sexism and work place Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sexism and work place - Research Paper Example Socio-environmental factors like schools, employers, family, and peers cause the difference of sex in abilities, gender, and interests acquired and reinforced in childhood and adulthood respectively (Menendez et al., 2012). Factors contributing to Sexism Environmental factors contribute greatly to development of boys and girls by punishing and rewarding them based on what they have done. Labor division on sexes reflects occupational and domestic roles of men and women. Children should behave according to the roles of gender; boys, for example, are to behave in a muscular way and girls in a feminine way. Parents are responsible for shaping the behavior of boys and girls. Development of children’s gender roles is through contacts with peers, especially of the same sex. Children, once they go to school, are subject to the influence of a school authority figure. They spend more time with an adult role-model, from whom they choose and develop character. They get more punishment and rewards for their behavior. They receive first message of sex separation of positions in the system: male teachers run the school while women teach and are poorly represented in the administration. If a woman becomes an administrator, then she is at a lower lever. Both men and women graduate from colleges and universities more than before. Girls tend to have better grades than boys do, owing to their higher level of discipline, obedience, and orderliness. Sexism in organizations has been in existence since women started working. Disparity of wages and occupational segregation are the main inequalities affecting women. Separation of women and men is occupational segregation. For instance, men would choose to do a police job, firefighting, and engineering whereas women would become teachers and housewives. Disparity of wages is the difference in wages earned by women and men. Gender identifies an individual as either male or female; thus, ‘gender’ or ‘sex’ f requently refer to categorization of a group. The social role theory suggests that a demand generates roles exhibited by individuals. For instance, the role of women to raise kids needs nurturing character. The role of child-rearing is attached to women because of their reproduction function, tying women to nourishing and taking care of infants. Linking women, for instance, to rearing of infants attributes such traits to women as kindness, helping, and nurturing. The same theory associates men with traits like competitiveness, non-domesticity, aggressiveness and assertive roles, which need skills and bravery. The difference between men and women in status strengthens the expectations of gender stereo types. The stereotype is that female roles require fewer resources than male roles and that rearing of children is traditionally for women (Kurtz, 2002). Social punishment and rewards give incentive for individuals to behave according to expectations of group members. A person may act w ith the expectation of gender even when it is contrary to his/her personality. For example, a woman may act kindly contrary to her wishes just to avoid disapproval of others. Men and women act differently matching the stereotypes. The impact of this theory of social role for the difference in behaviors and traits is distinct. The theory suggests that beliefs of a cultural nature on both genders are not accidental. In this context, ideals of a

The Vertical Boundaries of the Firm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Vertical Boundaries of the Firm - Essay Example â€Å"Total Quality Management is a wide management perspective that deals with processes and attitudes† (Delfmann & Thorsten, 2008). It emphasizes quality as a major objective in a manufacturing environment as opposed to traditional mode of maximizing production. It is worth noting that quality in production not only applies to manufacturing environment but also in knowledge service industries for instance universities. â€Å"Total quality management operates under the principles of continuous improvement of quality as opposed to maintenance of a static level† (Gattorna, 1998). It aims at approaching quality at an increasing scale. This is possible through training and motivation of employees so as to better quality. It is therefore paramount for the top management to state their commitment open to all employees. The advantage of the mode is that it has the ability to immediately detect and correct quality problems. It doesn’t rectify problems after occurrence. â€Å"Just in Time† is a philosophy in management that seeks to eliminate manufacturing wastes by producing right quantity at the right time and at the right place. Its main goal is to do away with non-value adding operations during production. Lean production or stockless production is a philosophy that aims at reducing inventory levels to an absolute minimum. Effectiveness of logistics performance index to transnational organisations in decision making. Relationship between logistics index and supply chain location selection.... It aims at approaching quality at an increasing scale. This is possible through training and motivation of employees so as to better quality. It is therefore paramount for the top management to state their commitment open to all employees. The advantage of the mode is that it has the ability to immediately detect and correct quality problems. It doesn’t rectify problems after occurrence. â€Å"Just in Time† is a philosophy in management that seeks to eliminate manufacturing wastes by producing right quantity at the right time and at the right place. Its main goal is to do away with non-value adding operations during production. Lean production or stockless production is a philosophy that aims at reducing inventory levels to an absolute minimum. Looking closely at the three aspects, Just in Time increases production, performance and quality in manufacturing industry. Lean, controls stock levels to avoid unnecessary production while Total Quality Management works towards good quality of products. The three aspects support each other in a manufacturing environment. â€Å"Toyota manufacturing industry adopted this principle which saw a reduction in manufacturing defects and parts storage problem† (ElMaraghy, 2012). Question 3 Rough plan Effectiveness of logistics performance index to transnational organisations in decision making Relationship between logistics index and supply chain location selection Management in transnational organisations is a challenging task especially in decisions making pertaining to supply chain. The use of logistics plays a crucial role in the success of supply chain. â€Å"Order execution is an imperative element

Safe Guarding Children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Safe Guarding Children - Essay Example Sometimes, issues of safety of the child arise, and thus they cannot be raised by their natural parents. In such cases, the children’s Act also made provision for children to be cared for by the local authorities (Great Britain: Department of Health, 2003). The Act goes as far as spelling out the various responsibilities that the local authorities will then have towards the children in their care. A revision of the Children’s Act, 1994, enhanced the Act by giving a legal basis for the program known as ‘Every Child Matters’, which is a government initiative (Baginsky, 2008). This review of the Children’s Act totally changed how the children’s services were formed and organised in the United Kingdom, and affected the formation of Children's Trusts. The basic policy guidance of the Children’s Act involves the non-statutory and statutory directions enclosed in the ‘Working Together to Safeguard Children’ program. This agenda, w hich was launched in 1999, and reviewed in the years 2006 and 2010, clarifies how individuals as well as children’s organisations should work jointly to protect children’s welfare according to the stipulations of the relevant legislation (Barlow and Scott, 2010). The new draft of the Children’s Act has three different documents which address: Working in concert to protect the rights of children: This is a draft that explains what actions children’s organisations are expected to take whether working alone or mutually with each other, in advancing the rights of children and protecting them Overseeing individual cases: This gives the outline for the evaluation of the cases of children in need as well as their families Statutory leadership in learning and development: This addresses the suggested arrangements for the review of Serious Cases of suspected child abuse (Corby, 2006). It also handles examinations of child deaths and other learning procedures that are directed by the Local Safeguarding Children Organisations. Emerging Theories on Child Abuse Many researchers have carried out numerous studies on the problem of child abuse in the past. These numerous researches have produced theories that seek to address the reason why child abuse takes place. The most recent of these theories are: The Social Learning Theory: This concept stresses the notion of the 'cycle of violence'. According to this premise, behaviour or human conduct is learned in two ways:Â   Either by a person being rewarded for his or her actions, which is also known as instrumental learning Or by a person watching and copying the behaviour of people around him or her A number of researchers presume that mistreated children learn to mistreat others through these two ways, and exhibit the same violent characteristics in adulthood. This sequence of learned aggression is usually identified as the intergenerational spread of violence or the ‘cycle of violence’ . The extensive function of the theory of the cycle of violence, however, has been challenged. This is due to the fact that approximately 20-30% of victims of child abuse become abusers who regularly exhibit criminal behaviour in adulthood (Howe, 2005). Staged interventions that are carried out on the basis of the social learning theory usually have the aim of putting an end to all existing forms of abuse, as well as checking any child abuse in the

The impact of information technology on supply chain capabilities and Literature review

The impact of information technology on supply chain capabilities and firm performance for construction companies - Literature review Example Risks in construction projects are some of the major challenges to supply chains in the industry for delivery of value that can meet customers’ expectations. Supply chains have different risks and while little literature exists on their effects and possible solutions in the construction industry, Gosling, Naim, and Towil (2013) suggest the role of information technology in understanding the scope of the uncertainty in construction supply chains and possible solutions. According to the authors, an empirical approach that involves data collection and analysis can help in identification of the risks and roles of information technology in statistical methods is instrumental (Gosling, Naim, and Towil 2013). Consequently, implementation of information technology in construction supply chains could help in predicting and managing challenges for effectiveness and efficiency in service delivery. In addition, information technology, through use of Automated Materials Locating and Tracin g Technology, helps construction companies to overcome uncertainty challenges that arise from visibility problems (Young et al. 2013, p. 7, 8). Meng, Sun and Jones’ proposed model for managing supply chain relationships in the construction industry further supports the role of information technology in constructions’ supply chains (2011). The authors’ Maturity Model empowers construction companies to effective management that is associated with better performance, greater opportunities, and minimal conflicts. Implementing the model for these benefits however requires complex data analysis that identifies the need for information technology. The construction industry also identifies need for collaboration among stakeholders, especially between contractors and sub-contractors, for successful projects and application of such technologies as the Construction Collaborative

3. Describe the traditional definitions of health and illness of the Essay

3. Describe the traditional definitions of health and illness of the White populations - Essay Example This often tends to put the patients in need of immediate medical assistance, at a higher health risk. Furthermore, even though affordable health care providers are indeed located and identified, seeking self-referral for acute illnesses is another major problem. Most of the practitioners do not attend to patients on a self-referral in terms of securing an appointment with them, but instead are required to get one from ones family physician or alternatively seek initial assistance from some other general practitioner till a referral is received. This leads to wastage of time as well as money, which is both highly unacceptable setbacks in case of emergency medical care. The above mentioned hassles may not be bothersome to the economically well off individuals, however in case of an average citizen or a commoner, such setbacks play a huge role in influencing their decision and restricting their access to cheaper, better and effective health care. It has been observed on various occasions that assessing the exact type of illness suffered can be tricky. The situation is much worse in case of an ordinary citizen who has very little or absolutely no knowledge regarding medicine or health care. In such a situation, comprehending the actions of the physicians or nurses, or the tests carried out on them, especially during complex physical examinations becomes all the more difficult. Most of the time the patients have no knowledge or information regarding the tests carried out on them, their significance, or outcome, and even if they ask for a detailed explanation, they are often provided with an answer which includes complex medical jargon, which is practically incomprehensible to the ordinary individual. This may put the patients under tremendous pressure, and lead to awkwardness and unease among them. The health care practitioners must be trained to deal with such situations and communicate with them in a better and comprehensibl e manner, in order to save them

PERFORMANCE ASSIGNMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

PERFORMANCE ASSIGNMENT - Essay Example Intel Company is a technological company that deals mainly with electronic appliances supplying to customers in different countries. Economically, the company contributes towards the country’s revenue through the sale of its products and also through the provision of the energy-saving and cost-saving products. This helps in improving the economy and also to improve the standards of living for the citizens. Socially, Intel Company is involved in various activities that are aimed at rewarding the customers and the community at large. Sustainability performance reporting refers to the evaluation of a company’s performance based on the economic, social and environmental factors that affect the business on its day to day operations. A report on sustainability of a company also provides the core values that govern its operations and also its corporate social responsibility. Sustainability performance reporting is a very crucial aspect in any organization due to the fact that it assists in change management with an aim of achieving a sustainable economy one that encompasses the profitability aspect with the ethical, social and environmental aspects. Financial performance reporting on the other hand, refers to the determination of various financial aspects: assets, liabilities and the equity capital. These factors are vital in financial reporting. When reporting the financial performance of a company various financial statements are considered, an income statement reports on the gains or losses made in a given year. A balance sheet also known as the statement of financial position shows the company’s assets and debts and it also shows the ability of the company to use its assets in settling its liabilities. Another financial statement is the statement of cash flows which report the company’s cash inflows and outflows. Sustainability and financial performance reporting are both useful in analyzing how

John Wesley’s Thoughts on Slavery Essay Example for Free

John Wesley’s Thoughts on Slavery Essay Introduction John Wesley was an ordained minister of the Anglican Church in England in the eighteenth century. He is considered as the founder of the Methodist movement. The Methodist movement started out at Oxford University where John Wesley, his brother Charles and other like-minded individuals began gathering together for prayer and for religious purposes through what they called the â€Å"Holy Club†. They practiced discipline in observing the sacraments of the church; they conducted regular outreach programs designed for the elderly, the prisoners, the sick and other disenfranchised members of the society (Pollock, 1989). Although the Methodist movement floundered in England during the time spent by John Wesley in Georgia in America, it gained new strength upon his return in the 1740s. Because of his new found fervor upon hearing Martin Luther’s preface to the Book of Romans, he began his itinerant preaching and traveled extensively throughout England preaching about the Christian faith (Pollock, 1989). John Wesley and Slavery John Wesley was opposed to debauchery and the drinking of wine. In addition, his sermons and his writings were also opposed to slavery. When Wesley was in the British colony of Georgia, he saw the way that masters treat their slaves as well as the way in which these slaves were sold as cattle. In 1774, John Wesley published one of his reflections entitled Thoughts on Slavery. On this pamphlet, he expounded on the slave trade—how the slaves were taken from their native lands and transported to the New World to provide important workforce for the plantations. He condemned slavery as an act which cannot be reconciled with Justice and Mercy (Brycchan Carey, 2002). In the said pamphlet, John Wesley appealed to both slave-traders and slave owners to stop the practice and he closed with a written prayer for their soul. In this address to the slave-traders, Wesley’s accusations and dispensations were impassioned and unrelenting. He lamented the lack of compassion in the slave traders because of the way that they treat the slaves (Brycchan Carey, 2002). Wesley’s opposition to slavery even led him to commit his support to the Abolitionist movement. The abolitionist movement grew in power and magnitude towards the end of the 1780s. At this time, John Wesley risked his personal safety by preaching on the matter of slavery and condemning such practice in Bristol, which was then a trading port for slaves. During this sermon, there was uproar among the people, which Wesley described in supernatural terms as the way that Satan fights for his kingdom. This uproar, however, could have been caused by the slave-traders whose operations were just around the area where John Wesley was preaching (Brycchan Carey, 2002). Conclusion Until the end of his life, John Wesley fervently condemned and opposed slavery. The pamphlet he wrote about his Thoughts on Slavery was published once more before he died. His anti-slavery stance was carried on by the followers of the movement he founded—Methodism. As the Methodists continue to gain strength and following all throughout England, and later in the United States, Wesley’s thoughts on slavery became even more popular and added momentum to the move to abolish slavery. Reference Brycchan Carey (2002). John Wesley: Biography. Retrieved 17 Sept 2007 from http://www. brycchancarey. com/abolition/wesley. htm. Pollock, J. (1989). Wesley the Preacher. London: Lion.

Organizational Output of Pfizer

Organizational Output of Pfizer Organizational Output Introduction Output generally refers to the things produced. output, in terms of the production unit means total number of products generated for a given duration and the various cost associated with the production. Outputs also refer to the number of customers visited in a given time. The organization needs to become accustomed, if there is a decline in the output of the organization due to alteration in the external or internal environment. Key outputs Key outputs of the Pfizer include opening of Manufacturing facilities, New innovative products And financial outcome (Pfizer Inc Third-Quarter 2004 Performance Report, 2008). Manufacturing facilities: Pfizer Inc, the giant in Healthcare opened its manufacturing facility in Singapore of about $600. This investment will support the extensive plans of the companys operations. In Asia, this investment has made the Pfizer important active pharmaceutical ingredient manufacturing plant. It is an entirely automatic facility. This facility in Singapore will prove to be an important link in manufacturing and developing dynamic ingredients that will be used in Neurontin. For tablets and capsules production, these ingredients are used and are transported to the drug product plants. The output obtained by the manufacturing plant will promote the global sales of about many billion US dollars. Pfizer selected this particular place because of well established corporate information technology unit (Kotler, 2002). From an American-intensive chemical manufacturing company, Pfizer has shifted to a global research based pharmaceutical business. As a result, it has become the worlds biggest healthcare company based on research. Products: In 2007, the company performed extremely well and made such changes that have enhanced its future performance. Lyrica, Sutent and Chantix played a Key role and performed extremely well. Currently Pfizer has ten dissimilar divisions and encourages thirty-one diverse main products. Within each groups, the divisions and major products are: Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, which includes Lipitor, Caduet, Norvasc, Diabetes, Arthritis and Pain, Central Nervous System Disorders, Infectious and Respiratory Diseases. Apart from this, Pfizer have six products that are into the pipeline of RD. Financial outcome: In 2007, the company reflected strong financial performance. The company focused on constructing the value by attaining the financial goals, restricting spending, and maintaining the cost structure. In order to deliver the vast shareholder return, new program is approved by Board of Directors. Apart from this, the company announced an increase of 10% in the first-quarter of 2008. This has increased the share holder wealth. In the fourth-quarter of 2007, Pfizer showed revenue of $13.1 billion and in the year-ago quarter; it reflected an increase of 4%. Foreign exchange has a great impact on revenue of Fourth-quarter 2007. Apart from this, there is an increase in the second quarter revenues. In 2005, Pfizer showed a net income of $8,085 million, this reflected a decline of 29% in 2004. The company has the huge budget allocated for RD. It has strong predictable cash flow in the next thirty months. Last but not the least, Pfizer shows a stable EPS growth (Organizationa l Culture and Product Innovation, 2004). Relevance of these outcomes in my study These outputs play an important role in estimating the company’s strength and achieving its long term objectives. Apart from this, these also support the extensive plans of the companys operations and increase the shareholders’ wealth. Innovative products can bring huge profits for the company, since they will attract the consumers. New product development is the strong capability of the Pfizer due to its determination, focus and dedication to research. Pfizer is becoming financially secure because of the company’s strong endeavor for developing the new innovative products. Hence, these form the important part of the study. Interrelation between the outcomes All these outputs can not operate independently; they are interlinked to each other. To develop innovative services and products is a critical issue for any company and it determines the level of financial outcome that the company will receive. If the company plans to open the manufacturing facilities, it has to see the scope for the new innovative products. Company will try to find out the success rate it will obtain by opening the new facilities. Financial measures are taken as the lagging indicators that derive the outcomes from precedent actions. Restricted reliance on financial indicators will lead to the behavior that forgoes long-term creation of value for short-term performance. Hence, proper estimation of the financial constraints is important. To expand the company business the company needs to be sound in its financial policies. Greater the financial outcome greater will be the company’s strength. Innovative products have the capability to secure the company financially. In the pharmaceutical industry, product market is getting saturated and forcing the company to spend a huge portion of budgets on differentiation of product and in the marketing activities among the competitors. Synergies created by the output Positive synergy is created by these outputs. If they are properly aligned, they can yield to a huge profit. The proper investment in any field is precious because the firm gets the opportunity to take the advantage of new opportunities, which can derive the continuing development for the company. The total budget assigned for the development of new products by the company is the highest in the industry and can not be imitated by the competitors. Hence, development of new product development is exclusive and valuable to the organization. For this, the company uses the patent and license. New product helps in acquiring strong product portfolio. Proper financial investment in sales force plays a critical role as it determines the company’s strength in terms of profits and revenue. This example was found in the products such as Stutent and Lurica. The company’s internal process should be in line with the Pfizer external functions and must focus on the reorganizing procedur es and processes so as to develop the efficiency in the operational activities to achieve a competitive advantage by spending fewer amounts. On the other hand, huge problems can arise if there is lack of proper coordination between these outcomes. All the outcomes are interlinked, so if they are not managed properly, they can put the company in trouble. Therefore, development of facilities requires huge research. And for this, company is required to properly allocate the resources to all the departments. Major chunk of revenue is used in the research and the development. If any wrong decision is taken related to the development of new product without undergoing through analysis, the company can incur the huge financial losses, which will ultimately hamper the trust of the various stake holders of the company. If any strategy is missed out, it will lead to the space for the substitute products; for this, the company has to incur heavy loss. Therefore company should take the proactive steps in order to defend the competitors. For this, the in depth analysis is required by the company. Therefore, efforts of all the departments in a coordinated manner are required (Kotler, 2002). References Kotler, P. (2002). Marketing Management: Strategies of Pfizer (11th Edition). New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India. Organizational Culture and Product Innovation. (2004). International Business Review 13(6): 685-703. Pfizer Inc Third-Quarter 2004 Performance Report. (2008). Retrieved April 28, 2008 from http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104STORY=/www/story/10-20-2004/0002289038EDATE= Pfizer: A healthy business vision. (2004). Retrieved April 29, 2008 from http://www.edb.gov.sg/edb/sg/en_uk/index/news_room/publications/singapore_investment04/singapore_investment10/pfizer_a_healthy.html

Alcohol consumption in UK

Alcohol consumption in UK Case Study 5- The case of a young binge drinker Introduction Alcohol consumption in the UK has increased rapidly in recent years, not just among young people but across society. In this report we will focus on: Consumer behaviour theories explaining Melanies binge drinking. Recollect reference groups who influence Melanies attitudes. Discuss Government strategies and campaigns such as the Portman Group. The alcohol industry provides employment to over a million people, so the government is reluctant to ban the product. However, the case study recognises there is a huge implication with high alcohol consumption resulting in dysfunctional behaviour ranging from psychological and social harm to damaged lives and deaths. An increase in alcohol consumption has been driven by vast promotional and marketing campaigns with the UK alcohol industry spending  £800m annually. Studies have shown that half of the University students in the UK regularly binge drink. Consumer Behaviour Theories Alcohol Abuse: A World Wide Perspective: High alcohol consumption is prominent in the UK, Ireland, Denmark, Russia and a few other European countries. Whereas, North African nations have the least consumption. Alcohol consumption has become more acceptable in Western societies, while its outlawed in places like Arabia. Alcohol has different meanings in different societies. E.g. Islam prohibits the consumption of alcohol alternatively, wine is savoured by Christians and no celebration can be complete without popping open a bottle of champagne in the West. Some examples of excessive binge drinking in the UK involve Stacey Rhymes, a 24 year old who died after drinking herself to death on cut price bottles of wine. Philip Laing, a student from Sheffield Hallam University, who is sentenced to community service after urinating on a war memorial, on a Carnage bar crawl. Portman Group and Drinkaware The Portman Group is supported by the UKs leading drink producers and is concerned solely with the social responsibility issues surrounding alcohol. Their role is to encourage and challenge drink producers to promote their products responsibly. Drinkaware was established to improve the public awareness and understanding of responsible drinking and to change the nations drinking behaviour for the better. They do this through innovative campaigns online, in print and communities worldwide. Conclusion Behavioural theories suggest that Melanies consistent binge drinking is due to the positive attitudes that she possesses in addition to seeking the positive effects that it has upon her. Melanies reference groups havent persuaded her to drink responsibly and she still believes her reason about being a student once, justifies everything. We believe that the Portman Group and Drinkaware.co.uk plus the various government strategies are effective in influencing the drinking habits of our own peer group. The advertisements reach consumers on an emotional level allowing them to empathise with the situations that the vast majority of us have been present in. Furthermore, drinks producers have begun to promote their drinks more responsibly. Though we believe these campaigns are effective there are challenges faced by marketers. For example consumers vary in their commitment in attitudes towards alcohol. Those attitudes that have become internalized and part of the persons value system are difficult to change due to the fact that they are important to the individual, for example Melanie has a usual routine of going out with her friends and being an accepted member of the group.

The Ongoing Crisis in Sudan Essay -- Foreign Policy

While the international community views the human rights abuse in Sudan a tragedy, instability in Sudan and South Sudan pose great risk to the U.S. national security and foreign relations and interests. For two decades, Sudan has been actively in a civil war for land, natural resources, and independence. This has caused civil unrest amongst its people mainly because of forced displacement and insufficient humanitarian assistance. Many human atrocities have been committed and reports estimate that over two million people have died because of war, famine, and disease. According to Eurasia Review (2012) â€Å"After decades of civil war, North and South Sudan signed a Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in 2005. The CPA set standards for sharing oil revenue (50:50 split) and a timetable toward a referendum on the South’s independence.† On July 7, 2011, Sudan split into separate countries, Sudan and South Sudan, after declaring its independence from Khartoum. Historica lly, the relationship between the U.S. and Sudan has been coarse both economically and politically. The Embassy continues to evaluate its posture in Sudan regularly, particularly in the wake of the January 1, 2008, killings of a U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) employee and his Sudanese driver in Khartoum.† Also, according to the Sudan Tribune â€Å"Sudan has been on the US economic sanctions list for more than a decade over allegations of supporting terrorism as well as human right abuses.† Currently, U.S. strategic priorities in Sudan include three main principles. First, a definitive end to conflict, gross human rights abuses, and justice for the genocide in Darfur. Second, the implementation of the North-South Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) that... ...line.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303812904577291172056 640582.html Bureau of African Affairs (2012, January 10). Background Note: Sudan. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved from http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5424.htm Eurasia Review (2012, March 20). Sudan And South Sudan Energy Profile: Oil Production Stuck In Talks – Analysis. Eurasia Review News & Analysis. Retrieved from http://www.eurasiareview.com/20032012-sudan-and-south-sudan-energy-profile-oil-production-stuck-in-talks-analysis/ Herbst, M. (2008, March 14). Oil for China, Guns for Darfur. Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved from http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/mar2008/gb20080314 _430126.htm No economic prosperity in Sudan without political settlement, says opposition figure . (2012, March 18). Sudan Tribune. Retrieved from http://www.sudantribune.com/No-economic-prosperity-in-Sudan,41956 The Ongoing Crisis in Sudan Essay -- Foreign Policy While the international community views the human rights abuse in Sudan a tragedy, instability in Sudan and South Sudan pose great risk to the U.S. national security and foreign relations and interests. For two decades, Sudan has been actively in a civil war for land, natural resources, and independence. This has caused civil unrest amongst its people mainly because of forced displacement and insufficient humanitarian assistance. Many human atrocities have been committed and reports estimate that over two million people have died because of war, famine, and disease. According to Eurasia Review (2012) â€Å"After decades of civil war, North and South Sudan signed a Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in 2005. The CPA set standards for sharing oil revenue (50:50 split) and a timetable toward a referendum on the South’s independence.† On July 7, 2011, Sudan split into separate countries, Sudan and South Sudan, after declaring its independence from Khartoum. Historica lly, the relationship between the U.S. and Sudan has been coarse both economically and politically. The Embassy continues to evaluate its posture in Sudan regularly, particularly in the wake of the January 1, 2008, killings of a U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) employee and his Sudanese driver in Khartoum.† Also, according to the Sudan Tribune â€Å"Sudan has been on the US economic sanctions list for more than a decade over allegations of supporting terrorism as well as human right abuses.† Currently, U.S. strategic priorities in Sudan include three main principles. First, a definitive end to conflict, gross human rights abuses, and justice for the genocide in Darfur. Second, the implementation of the North-South Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) that... ...line.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303812904577291172056 640582.html Bureau of African Affairs (2012, January 10). Background Note: Sudan. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved from http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5424.htm Eurasia Review (2012, March 20). Sudan And South Sudan Energy Profile: Oil Production Stuck In Talks – Analysis. Eurasia Review News & Analysis. Retrieved from http://www.eurasiareview.com/20032012-sudan-and-south-sudan-energy-profile-oil-production-stuck-in-talks-analysis/ Herbst, M. (2008, March 14). Oil for China, Guns for Darfur. Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved from http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/mar2008/gb20080314 _430126.htm No economic prosperity in Sudan without political settlement, says opposition figure . (2012, March 18). Sudan Tribune. Retrieved from http://www.sudantribune.com/No-economic-prosperity-in-Sudan,41956

Women in the Workforce Essay example -- Gender Studies

As the times change, so do the standards. Women previously have been looked at as homemakers, housewives, subordinates. In this new century, this has changed dramatically. Not only have women sought extensive amounts of education, they have sought means to expand and solidify their skills. Although women continue to face discrimination, the qualifications of the playing field have leveled out. According to the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics (2012), in 2011, women accounted for 47 percent of the workforce (ages 16 and over). Their occupations varied, as well as their marital status and their status as a mother. Also, according to the U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration (2011), 14 percent of households are headed by single women, whereas only 6 percent of households are headed by single men. There are more households headed by women, which means more women are the sole earners of income in their household. The workplace plays a critical role in the lives of women. In addition, more women than men aged 24-35 earned college degrees based on 2007-2008 data (U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration, 2011). This is a more educated workforce with the possibility to make a significant impact in the areas of advancement (e.g. innovation), knowledge transfer (e.g. mentoring), and leadership (e.g. management). Consequently, the policies of companies that employ women can have a positive or negative effect on their households, career advancement and earning potential, as well as the lives of those that depend on them. Mary Van der Boon (2003) in her article titled, â€Å"Women in international management: An international perspective on women’s ways of leadership†, descri... ...sidered as a matter of respect. Secondarily, when having to travel to areas women have never traveled before; their safety is of highest concern. So surely, gender should be aggressively considered in terms of safety and cultural respect. Works Cited Bloch, S. (2011). Expat women: Job & careers abroad. Retrieved from http://www.expatwomen. com/expat-women-jobs-careers-abroad/8-steps-to-dissolving-the-glass-ceiling-susan- bloch.php Drury, M. (2011). Women technology leaders: Gender issues in higher education information technology. NASPA Journal about Women in Higher Education, 4(1), 96-123. Ihlwain, M. (April, 2008). Cracks in a particular glass ceiling. Business Week, 58. Van der Boon, M. (2003). Women in international management: An international perspective on women’s ways of leadership. Gender in Management, 18(3/4), 132-146.

Discrimination Essay

Discrimination Is Expensive, Inclusion Is Profit On April 20th, 2001, the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) settled a $2.44 million law suit against the University of Incarnate Word (UIW) due to the misuse of an English-Only rule. In Texas, the 18 Hispanic workers who were involved in the class action suit testified to being harassed and bullied over ten years. Their crime deserving of pervasive harassment was speaking Spanish on breaks and during lunch. The EEOC does what it can to limit the harm and misuse of the English-Only policies, but still to this day language discrimination cases are prevalent. The number of English-Only charges that were filed with the EEOC have increased by 500% since 1991(EEOC). Is the English-Only policy flawed, or are companies in America simply not paying enough attention to their employees? In order to reduce language discrimination, American companies need to understand the importance of their multilingual employees’ native language, and focus on the benefits that language diversity can provide. In order to understand how and why companies can enforce English-Only laws, we must examine the regulations set by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) regarding this law. First of all, can employers restrict their employees to speak English at a workplace or must they allow them to speak their native tongue? As with may other legal question this one does not have a simple answer. There are many factors that contribute to the creation of an English-Only rule at a workplace. As stated in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 29, Section 1606.7, English-Only rules cannot be applied in order to discriminate (EEOC). If there is an English-Only rule at a workplace it must apply to all employees and cannot directly target a minority group*. There are a few exceptions of when an English-Only rule can be justified; for communication with customers and superiors, in emergencies when a common language is needed, and for cooperative work assignments (Forbe s). In essence the EEOC attempts to make it very difficult for companies to create such rules unless there is irrefutable evidence that such a rule is needed. Even with such restrictive regulations, why are there so many complaints filed with the EEOC that are caused directly or indirectly by English-Only rules? Despite the close monitoring of such rules, employees in companies with English-Only rules appear to be misusing them to discriminating minorities. Once such case of the rule being misused  to discriminate a minority happened at Delano Regional Medical Center. â€Å"Supervisors, staff, and even volunteers were allegedly encouraged to act as vigilantes, constantly berating and reprimanding Filipino-American employees for nearly six years† (DRMC)***. The Filipino nurses were harassed even during breaks, told to speak English, even though the EEOC regulations clearly state that such actions are not allowed. Besides being verbally abused and threatened some were even ph ysically assaulted. After the case was settled the medical center payed out $975,000. In a similar case the University of Incarnate Word (UIW) payed out a $2.44 million settlement for targeting and discriminating their Hispanic staff (UIW)***. Such cases should alert companies and organizations of the importance of regulating language equality among their staff. Perhaps the reason that cases of language discrimination keep occurring is because many English speaking Americans do not realize how important a native language is to an immigrant. Language is an identity, it defines who we are. Even within a single country a different dialect can define a person. Most people can tell that a person grew up in Boston, or Texas, or California without even seeing the person, simply by the way they talk. If New-yorkers can be proud of their New York accent, why cant immigrants be proud or their native language? Our language, accent, and dialect is as much a part of our identity as physical appearance or the color of our skin. Compared to other countries America does not place a big emphasis on learning foreign languages in it’s school system. Because English is the most diverse language in the world, kids are not taught to value and appreciate other languages. By understanding the struggles of the double lives that immigrants must lead, *it will be easier to see why they put so much emphasis on preserving their native language. No one understands the struggles of assimilating into a new culture more than Chang-rae Lee, who d escribes the hardships his mother while learning English, in his essay â€Å"Mute in an English-Only World†. He talks about how much his mother struggled with even simple, every day activities, only because she did not know English. Lee describes how his other could be â€Å"fiery, stern, deeply funny, and ironic† when she spoke Korean, but in English less so. Some of her identity was stripped away by a new language, she was not the same confident and proud women when she was forced to speak an foreign tongue. No law or rule should be able to strip a person identity by  forcing them to speak a language foreign to them. Some might argue that there is nothing wrong with the English-Only rules implemented in American companies. Immigrants should speak only English at work because they live in America, and in America we speak English. Yes, those claims do carry validity and those who immigrate to the United States should learn English, but should it be so strictly enforc ed? Ofcourse employees must be able to communicate with with coworkers and superiors, but should they be punished and abused while they learn the language? No, it is unfair and unconstitutional. America is not a county were one can simply live off the land and not have to work. Although there are programs such as Welfare which provide financial support for immigrants, they are not enough to fully support a family without supplementary income. As it already stands, most Americans oppose the newly proposed work requirement waiver. This means that you are required to maintain a job in order to receive benefits such as Welfare (Standard). Instead of encouraging non-English speaking immigrants to work and support themselves, English-Only laws only intimidate and hinder immigrants and further increase resentment towards them. Instead of scaring off potential employees with English-Only laws, companies should encourage immigrants to work for them in order to gain the many benefits they can provide. Encouraging immigrants to work will reduce unemployment, reducing unemployment improves the economy, and a better economy increases business success. By providing a better atmosphere for immigrant workers in the workplace, companies can create customers. Not only can the immigrants themselves become customers, they can also attract others. In his essay, Lee talks about a trip to a deli with this mother. After finally mustering the cou rage to visit this deli, Lee’s mother was scared off by the shop keeper who could not understand her Korean. After his mother said soggori â€Å"[t]he butcher looked as if my mother had put something sour in his mouth, and he glanced back at the lighted board and called the next number† (Lee). The deli owner lost her business and the profit that came with it. It might have gone much differently if he had a Korean worker that could help Lee’s mother out. As an immigrant myself, I can relate to Lee’s story. As I walk to school everyday I pass by a bakery, there is nothing special about it, nothing that stands out. For a few weeks I walked past the bakery with no intention to go inside, until one day. On one Tuesday morning as I was  walking my normal route I heard someone speaking Russian, when I turned to see who it was I that it was two employees of the bakery. Exited to hear my native tongue I came inside the bakery and introduced myself. After talking to them for fifteen minutes or so they recommended some good for me to try from the bakery. Ever since that day I always stop by that bakery to see my fellow comrades and buy an item or two. After talking to them I found out that they had just recently arrived to America and spoke very little English. They were hired at the deli despite not knowing English, because the owner valued their skill and did not have an English-Only policy. Not only were they able to be productive members of society and provide for themselves, but they were able to quickly learned English at the friendly workplace. The bakery owner gained a loyal customer because chose to focus on the benefits of immigrant employees. All companies want the maximum po tential customer base. Immigrant and bilingual employees with invite new demographics of customers, increasing customer base. Companies need immigrant and bilingual employees. In conclusion American companies will increase their income potential and reduce discrimination among employees if they get rid of their English-Only policies. No one benefits from enforcing these limiting rules. The minority group(s) upon who these rules are enforced are being stripped of their freedom of speech. Language is part of a person’s identity and should not be silenced. Not only does the law target minority groups who are already struggling to assimilate into a new culture, but it also promotes further segregation. As in one of the examples, workers openly harassed their coworkers, backed by a discriminative English-Only rule at Delano Regional Medical Center. Not only are English-Only rules at a workplace a violation of the basic human freedom, they are very costly to companies. The negative publicity created by such cases can have an even more devastating effect on companies than the millions of dollars they must pay out to settle the case. English-Only policies create a hostile workplace environment, reduce employee moral, promote discrimination, and reflect very poorly on the name of the company, while removing such policies will increase customer base and create an overall better economy; therefore, American companies should eliminate English-Only policies

Annihilation of Caste

THE ANNIHILATION OF CASTE Prologue How this lecture came to be composedand non de toleratered 1 On declination 12, 1935, I authorized the next permitter from Mr. Sant Ram, the Secretary of the Jat Pat Todak Mandal My close regenerate Saheb, M both conk thanks for your win whateverlyhearted garner of the 5th December. I concur released it for press with step to the fore your permission for which I wiretap your pardon, as I saw no harm in gr averup it earthly concernity. You argon a commodious thinker, and it is my tight-considered perspective that n ace else has study the enigma of grade so deeply as you birth. I welcome always returned myself and our Mandal from your reports.I wee explicateed and preached it in the Kranti m nearly(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) ms and I look at pull d consume lectured on it in habitualy assemblages. I am unwrap unspoilt in truth anxious(predicate) to comwork squeezece the ex puzzle of your raw(a) p rincipleIt is non the likes ofly to break grade with forth annihilating the spectral nonions on which it, the grade system, is founded. Please do explain it at duration at your ear inhabitst convenience, so that we whitethorn include up the idea and emphasise it from press and platform. At pre direct, it is non fully assimilate to me. ***** Our Executive de regulariseation persists in having you as our chairperson for our yearbook conclave.We keisterister change our dates to accommodate your convenience. self-g all all all oerning inaccessibles of Punjab ar very(prenominal) often devouring(prenominal) to meet you and discuss with you their plans. So if you tender encounter our request and come to Lahore to com service universed everyplace the congregation it im interrupt inspection and repair double shoot for. We bequeath invite Harijan leaders of both shades of opinion and you for fail array an opportunity of handsome your ideas to them. The Mandal has deputed our Assistant Secretary, Mr. Indra Singh, to meet you at Bombay in Xmas and discuss with you the building block situation with a s squirt to persuade you to enchant pay our request. ***** 2 The Jat Pat Todak Mandal I was break upn(p) to reckon to be an organization of association Hindi accessible Re fountains, with the nonp aril and merely aim, namely, to eradicate the rank trunk from amongst the Hindis. As a hold, I do non like to acknow feeble-emitting diodege each percentage in a break down carry forcet which is carried on by the Caste Hindoos. Their situation towards mixer enlighten is so different from tap that I confine found it intemperate to pull on with them. Indeed, I descry their comp whatsoever sooner uncongenial to me on account of our differences of opinion. in that locationfore when the Mandal archetypal approached me, I declined their invitation to preside.The Mandal, however, would non involve a refusal from me , and propagate down whiz of its portions to Bombay to press me to lease the invitation. In the end I concord to preside. The Annual group discussion was to be held at Lahore, the headquarters of the Mandal. The group was to meet at Easter, ex lickly was subsequently put upp squargonnessnessd to the mediate of whitethorn 1936. 3 The re deed of conveyanceion Committee of the Mandal has instanter aside the con movework forcet. The nonice of jackpotcellation came long after my presidential aim had been printed. The copies of this reference leg be now lying with me.As I did non bemuse an opportunity to deliver the track from the presidential chair, the public has non had an opportunity to regaining my views on the worrys created by the Caste system. To let the public do it them, and overly to boot away of the printed copies which atomic number 18 lying on my hand, I take in refractory to put the printed copies of the turn to in the disciplineet. T he accompanying pages contain the text variance of that guide. 4 The public lead be unusual to s spile what take to the cancellation of my day of the month as the President of the Conference. At the start, a quarrel arose over the impression of the name and solicit.I inclinationd that the reference should be printed in Bombay. The Mandal wished that it should be printed in Lahore, on the g somewhats of economy. I did non admit, and insisted upon having it printed in Bombay. Instead of their encertain(p)ing to my proposition, I stock a garner signed by several members of the Mandal, from which I destine the pastime extract 27-3-36 Revered Dr. Ji, Your letter of the twenty-fourth instant saluteed to Sjt. Sant Ram has been launchn to us. We were a flyspeck disap addressed to read it. perchance you are non fully certain of the situation that has arisen here. Al to the highest degree both the Hindoos in thePunjab are against your creation invited to this pro vince. The Jat-Pat-Todak Mandal has been subjected to the bitterest criticism and has received censorious rebuke from all quarters. wholly the Hindoo leaders among whom universe Bhai Parmanand, M. L. A. (Ex-President, Hindu Maha Sabha), Mahatma Hans Raj, Dr. Gokal Chand Narang, Minister for Local Self-Govern man rolet, Raja Narendra Nath, M. L. C. and so on , gravel dissociated themselves from this step of the Mandal. Despite all this the runners of the Jat-Pat-Todak Mandal (the principal figure being Sjt. Sant Ram) are determined to wade through with(predicate) thick and thin further would non name up the idea of your presidentship.The Mandal has earned a bad name. ***** to a lower erupt the circumstances it becomes your certificate of indebtedness to co-operate with the Mandal. On the wiz and further(a) hand, they are being put to so much publish and hardship by the Hindus and if on the youthful(prenominal)wise hand you in any case augment their difficultie s it go away be a most pitiable coincidence of bad luck for them. We buy up you leave behind think over the thing and do what is effectual for us all. ***** 5 This letter puzzled me corkingly. I could non to a lower placestand wherefore the Mandal should displease me, for the interestingness of a just slightly rupees, in the numerate of desex the report. minly, I could non hope that men like Sir Gokal Chand Narang had au and thentically resigned as a protest against my selection as President, be scram I had received the interest letter from Sir Gokal Chand himself 5 Montgomery Road Lahore, 7-2-36 Dear Doctor Ambedkar, I am glad to expose from the workers of the Jat-Pat-Todak Mandal that you add concur to preside at their next anniversary to be held at Lahore during the Easter holi mean solar days, it entrust circulate me much plea undisputable if you stay with me piece of music you are at Lahore. More when we meet. Yours sincerely, G. C. Narang 6 W sco rnver be the truth, I did non yield to this pres received as shooting. just now indict when the Mandal found that I was insist upon having my address printed in Bombay, instead of agreeing to my proposal the Mandal sent me a wire that they were displace Mr. Har Bhagwan to Bombay to tattle over weighs fiberlly. Mr. Har Bhagwan came to Bombay on the 9th of April. When I met Mr. Har Bhagwan, I found that he had slide fastener to introduce pick uping the publicize. Indeed he was so nonchalant regarding the imprint of the addresswhether it should be printed in Bombay or in Lahorethat he did non dismantle mention it in the institutionalise of our conversation. 7 All that he was anxious for was to know the confine of the address.I was then convinced that in acquiring the address printed in Lahore, the important object of the Mandal was non to save capital scarcely when to get at the satisfys of the address. I gave him a copy. He did non encounter very happy wit h nearly parts of it. He returned to Lahore. From Lahore, he wrote to me the following letter Lahore April 14, 1936 My dear Doctor Sahib, Since my reach from Bombay, on the 12th, I be take by been reluctant owing to my having non slept continuously for 5 or 6 nights, which were spent in the train. Reaching here I came to know that you had come to Amritsar. I would relieve wholenessself hold inn you in that respect if I were salubrious enough to go virtually.I countenance do over your address to Mr. Sant Ram for translation and he has fretting it very much, plainly he is non certain(p) whether it could be translated by him for printing originally the 25th. In any case, it woud engender a wide publicity and we are current it would wake the Hindus up from their slumber. The passageway I pointed out to you at Bombay has been read by some of our friends with a elfin misgiving, and those of us who would like to go over the Conference terminate without any untoward nonessential would privilege that at least the saucilys Veda be go away out for the time being. I moderate this to your good whiz.I forecast, however, in your concluding paragraphs you w sick-abed make it top that the views extracted in the address are your own and that the responsibility does non lie on the Mandal. I hope you impart non mind this statement of mine and would let us wee-wee 1,000 copies of the address, for which we shall, of course, pay. To this center I hand sent you a telegram today. A cheque of Rs. c is enclosed herewith which philanthropic acknowledge, and send us your bills in due time. I declare called a meeting of the reception Committee and shall communicate their ratiocination to you instanter.In the slowdown kindly accept my heartfelt thanks for the kindness shown to me and the smashing pain interpreted heartfelt thanks for the kindness shown to me and the great pains interpreted by you in the eagerness of your address. You take a leak trulyly put us under a sober debt of gratitude. Yours sincerely, Har Bhagwan P. S. Kindly send the copies of the address by passenger train as concisely as it is printed, so that copies may be sent to the Press for publication. 8 Accordingly I handed over my manuscript to the newswriter with an ready to print 1,000 copies. octette days later, I received some new(prenominal) letter from Mr. Har Bhagwan which I reproduce below Lahore, 22-4-36 Dear Dr. Ambedkar, We are in receipt of your telegram and letter, for which kindly accept our thanks. In accordance with your desire, we puzzle forth again postponed our Conference, but read out that it would convey been much collapse to extradite it on the 25th and 26th, as the weather is increase warmer and warmer every day in the Punjab. In the middle of whitethorn it would be fairly hot, and the sittings in the day time would non be very pleasant and comfortable.However, we shall try our best to do all we can to mak e things as comfortable as possible, if it is held in the middle of may. at that place is, however, one thing that we abide been compelled to bring to your kind attention. You bequeath think back that when I pointed out to you the misgivings entertained by some of our batch regarding your declaration on the subject of change of religion, you told me that it was un inquiryedly international the scope of the Mandal and that you had no heading to show anything from our platform in that connection. At the aforementioned(prenominal) ime when the manuscript of your address was handed to me you secure me that that was the main administer of your address and that in that location were still ii or one-third concluding paragraphs that you lacked to add. On receipt of the due south instalment of your address we give been interpreted by surprise, as that would make it so spacey, that we are afraid, very hardly a(prenominal) spate would read the undivided of it. beside s that you film more(prenominal) than(prenominal) than once give tongue to in your address that you had decided to walking out of the fold of the Hindus and that that was your shoemakers last address as a Hindu.You provoke also unnecessarily attacked the ethical motive and reasonableness of the Vedas and other(a) phantasmal books of the Hindus, and consent at distance dwelt upon the technical side of Hindu religion, which has suddenly no connection with the puzzle at issue, so much so that some of the passages drive become contradictory and forth the point. We would bring in been very felicitous if you had limit your address to that portion stipulation to me, or if an addition was requirement, it would have been check to what you had compose on brahminism etc.The last portion which potentiometers with the flesh out annihilation of Hindu religion and doubts the morality of the sacred books of the Hindus as vigorous as a hint virtually your intention to le ave the Hindu fold does non count to me to be relevant. I would and so most humbly request you on behalf of the people responsible for the Conference to leave out the passages referred to above, and close the address with what was given to me or add a few paragraphs on Brahminism.We doubt the wisdom of qualification the address unnecessarily provocative and pinching. thither are several of us who take in to your smellingings and would very much want to be under your banner for remodelling of the Hindu religion. If you had decided to get together persons of your cult I can assure you a queen-sized public figure would have joined your forces of recoverers from the Punjab.In situation, we thinking you would give us a lead in the end of the shabbiness of company system, oddly when you have studied the subject so thoroughly, and strengthen our custody by bring roughly a renewal and making yourself as a nucleus in the gigantic effort, but declaration of the nature make by you when repeated loses its witnesser, and becomes a hackneyed term. nether the circumstances, I would request you to consider the whole matter and make our address more effective by jointing that you would be glad to take a trail part in the ending of the circle system if the Hindus are willing to work in right earnest toward that end, as yet if they had to forsake their kith and kin and the phantasmal whims. In case you do so, I am sanguine that you would suffer a put in response from the Punjab in much(prenominal) an endeavour. I shall be grateful if you will religious service us at this juncture as we have already undergone much using up and have been put to suspense, and let us know by the return of post that you have condescend to limit your address as above.In case, you still insist upon the printing of the address in toto, we very much sadness it would not be possible quite an advisable for us to hold the Conference, and would prefer to postpone it sine di e , a l t h o u g h b y d o i n g s o w e s h a l l b e l o s i n g t h e g o o d w i l l o f t h e people beca determination of the repeated postponements. We should, however, like to point out that you have carved a ceding back in our hearts by compose much(prenominal) a wonderful manageise on the club system, which excels all other treatises so far written and will strain to be a valuable heritage, so to assert.We shall be ever indebted to you for the pains interpreted by you in its preparation. Thanking you very much for your kindness and with best wishes. I am, yours sincerely, Har Bhagwan 9 To this letter I sent the following respond 27th April 1936 Dear Mr. Har Bhagwan, I am in receipt of your letter of the twenty-second April. I lineage with affliction that the Reception Commitiee of the Jat-Pat-Todak Mandal would prefer t o p o s t p o n e t h e C o n f e r e n c e sine die i f I i n s i s t e d u p o n p r i n t i n g t h e a d d r e s s in toto.I n r e p l y I h a v e t o i n f o r m y o u t h a t I a l s o w o u l d p r e f e r a d d r e s s in toto. I n r e p l y I h a v e t o i n f o r m y o u t h a t I a l s o w o u l d p r e f e r to have the Conference cancelledI do not like to use vague impairmentif the Mandal insisted upon having my address pruned to suit its circumstances. You may not like my decision. that I cannot give up, for the sake of the honour of presiding over the Conference, the acquaintance which every President moldiness have in the preparation of the address.I cannot give up, for the sake of pleasing the Mandal, the duty which every President owes to the Conference over which he presides, to give it a lead which he thinks right and proper. The issue is one of principle, and I feel I moldiness(prenominal)(prenominal) do nothing to compromise it in any way. I would not have entered into any contestation as regards the propriety of the decision taken by the Reception Committee. however as you have given certain reasons which come along to throw the blame on me, I am bound to assist them.In the get-go place, I essentialinessiness dispel the notion that the views contained in that part of the address to which protestation has been taken by the Committee have come to the Mandal as a surprise. Mr. Sant Ram, I am sure, will bear me out when I reckon that in reply to one of his letters I had give tongue to that the real method of breaking up the Caste System was not to bring about inter-caste dinners and inter-caste marriages but to destroy the religious notions on which Caste was founded, and that Mr. Sant Ram in return s select me to explain what he bear witness was a novel point of view.It was in response to this invitation from Mr. Sant Ram that I belief I ought to elaborate in my address what I had verbalise in a sentence in my letter to him. You cannot, therefrom, differentiate that the views expressed are new. At any rate, they are not new to Mr. Sant Ram, who is the mo ving savor and the leading light of your Mandal. scarce I go further and affirm that I wrote this part of my address not merely because I felt it desired to do so. I wrote it because I thought that it was absolutely necessary to complete the argument.I am amazed to read that you characterize the portion of the saving to which your Committee objects as irrelevant and off the point. You will go out me to say that I am a lawyer and I know the traffic patterns of relevancy as well as any member of your Committee. I most emphatically support that the portion objected to is not merely most relevant but is also important. It is in that part of the address that I have discussed the ways and means of breaking up the Caste System. It may be that the end point I have arrived at as to the best method of destroying Caste is shock and painful.You are entitled to say that my digest is injure. solely you cannot say that in an address which spates with the problem of Caste it is not o pen to me to discuss how Caste can be destroyed. Your other complaint pertains to the length of the address. I have pleaded guilty to the clap in the address itself. scarcely who is really responsible for this? I fear you have come rather late on the scene. Otherwise you would have cognise that primitively I had planned to write a short address, for my own convenience, as I had neither the time nor the energy to claim myself in the preparation of an elaborate dissertation.It was the Mandal which necessitateed me to deal with the subject exhaustively, and it was the Mandal which sent down to me a list of inquirys relating to the Caste System and asked me to dish up them in the body of my address, as they were straitss which were oft raised in the debate as they were questions which were often raised in the controversy in the midst of the Mandal and its opponents, and which the Mandal found difficult to resolvent satis occurrenceorily. It was in trying to meet the wishe s of the Mandal in this respect that the address has grown to the length to which it has.In view of what I have tell, I am sure you will agree that the fault respecting the length of the address is not mine. I did not expect that your Mandal would be so upset because I have spoken of the destruction of Hindu Religion. I thought it was alone fools who were afraid of words. hardly if lest there should be any misapprehension in the minds of the people, I have taken great pains to explain what I mean by religion and destruction of religion. I am sure that nobody, on reading my address, could possibly misunderstand me. That your Mandal should have taken a fright at mere words as destruction of religion etc. notwithstanding the exposition that accompanies . them, does not raise the Mandal in my estimation. iodin cannot have any respect or regard for men who take the position of the Reformer and then disapprove fifty-fifty to see the logical consequences of that position, let alo ne following them out in litigate. You will agree that I have neer real to be limited in any way in the preparation of my address, and the question as to what the address should or should not contain was never redden discussed among myself and the Mandal. I had always taken for granted that I was free to express in the address much(prenominal) views as I held on the subject.Indeed, until you came to Bombay on the 9th April, the Mandal did not know what manakin of an address I was preparing. It was when you came to Bombay that I voluntarily told you that I had no desire to use your platform from which to major business office my views regarding change of religion by the dis fortitude Classes. I think I have scrupulously kept that promise in the preparation of the address. Beyond a mountain pass reference of an indirect character where I say that I am sick I will not be here. . . etc. I have utter nothing about the subject in my address.When I see you object steady to such a passing and so indirect a reference, I feel bound to ask, did you think that in agreeing to preside over your Conference I would be agreeing to suspend or to give up my views regarding change of conviction by the gloomy Classes? If you did think so, I essentialinessiness(prenominal)(prenominal) tell you that I am in no way responsible for such a mistake on your part. If any of you had make up hinted to me that in exchange for the honour you were doing me by electing as President, I was to abjure my faith in my programme of conversion, I would have told you in quite plain scathe that I cared more for my faith than for any honour from you.After your letter of the 14th, this letter of yours comes as a surprize to me. I am sure that any one who reads them both will feel the corresponding. I c a n n o t a c c o u n t f o r t h i s s u d d e n volte bosom o n t h e p a r t o f t h e R e c e p t i o n Committee. There is no difference in spirit of money surrounded b y the rough conscription which was onward the Committee when you wrote your letter of the 14th, and the final conscription on which the decision of the Committee communicated to me in your letter under reply was taken.You cannot point out a single new idea in the final draft which is not contained in the earlier draft. The ideas are the kindred. The still difference is that they have been worked out in greater detail in the final draft. If there was anything to object to in the address, you could have say so on the 14th. But you did not. On the contrary, you asked me to print off 1,000 copies, leaving me the liberty to accept or not the verbal changes which you suggested. Accordingly I got 1,000 copies printed, which are now lying with me. Eight days later ou write to say that you object to the address and that if it is not amend the Conference will be cancelled. You ought to have known that there was no hope of any interchangeation being made in the address. I told you when you were in Bombay that I would not alter a comma, that I would not allow any censoring over my address, and that you would have to accept the address as it came from me. I also told you that the responsibility. for the views expressed in the address was entirely mine, and if they were not liked by the Conference I would not mind at all if the Conference passed a re theme reprobate them.So anxious was I to relieve your Mandal from having to fill responsibility for my viewsand also with the object of not acquiring myself entangled by too intimate an association with your ConferenceI suggested to you that I desired to have my address treated as a sort of an inaugural address and not as a Presidential address, and that the Mandal should find some one else to preside over the Conference and deal with the resolutions. Nobody could have been better placed to take a decision on the 14th than your Committee.The Committee failed to do that, and in the meantime cost of printing has been in curred which, I am sure, with a little more firmness on the part of your Committee, could have been saved. I feel sure that the views expressed in my address have little to do with the decision of your Committee. I have reason to look at that my movement at the Sikh Prachar Conference held at Amritsar has had a good deal to do with the decision of the Committee. Nothing else can satis situationorily explain the sudden volte display case shown by the Committee betwixt the 14th and the 22nd April.I must not however put out this controversy, and must request you to announce immediately that the Session of the Conference which was to meet under my Presidentship is cancelled. All the grace period has by now run out, and I shall not consent to preside, even if your Committee concur to accept my address as it is, in toto. I thank you for your appreciation of the pains I have taken in the preparation of the address. I certainly have profited by the grate, even if no one else does. My sole(prenominal) regret is that I was put to such hard wear upon at a time when my wellness was not rival to the strain it has caused.Yours sincerely, B. R. Ambedkar 10 This correspondence will interrupt the reasons which have led to the cancellation by the Mandal of my bement as President, and the reader will be in a position to dumbfound the blame where it ought properly to belong. This is I recollect the commencement time when the appointment of a President is cancelled by the Reception Committee because it does not approve of the views of the President. But whether that is so or not, this is certainly the source time in my life to have been invited to preside over a Conference of Caste Hindus.I am sorry that it has ended in a tragedy. But what can anyone expect from a relationship so tragic as the relationship surrounded by the remedying religious order of Caste Hindus and the self respecting sect of relationship so tragic as the relationship between the sassy up ing sect of Caste Hindus and the self respecting sect of Untouchables, where the former have no desire to alienate their Jewish-Orthodox fellows, and the last mentioned have no substitute but to insist upon sort out being carried out ? B. R. AMBEDKAR Rajgriha, Dadar, Bombay 14 5th May 1936 Preface to the Second Edition 1937 1 The diction prepared by me for the Jat Pat Todak Mandal of Lahore has had an surprisingly warm reception from the Hindu public for whom it was primarily intended. The English edition of one thousand five hundred copies was dog-tired within devil months of its publication. It is has been translated into Gujarati and Tamil. It is being translated into Marathi, Hindi, Punjabi and Malayalam. The claim for the English text still cut throughs unabated.To foregather this demand it has become necessary to issue a Second Edition. Considerations of history and authorisation of appeal have led me to defend the original form of the turn upnamely, the obste trical delivery formalthough I was asked to recast it in the form of a direct narrative. 2 To this edition I have added two appendices. I have collected in attachment I the two articles written by Mr. Gandhi by way of review of my speech in the Harijan , and his letter to Mr. Sant Ram, a member of the Jat Pat Todak Mandal. 3 In cecal appendage II, I have printed my views in reply to the articles of Mr. Gandhi collected in Appendix I. Besides Mr. Gandhi, umpteen others have obstinately criticised my views as expressed in my speech. But I have felt that in taking notice of such adverse comments, I should limit myself to Mr. Gandhi. This I have done not because what he has utter is so weighty as to deserve a reply, but because to some a Hindu he is an oracle, so great that when he opens his lips it is expected that the argument must close and no dog must bark. 4 But the world owes much to rebels who would dare to argue in the face of the pontiff and insist that he is not infalli ble. I do not care about the credit which every advancing order must give to its rebels. I shall be satisfied if I make the Hindus realize that they are the sick men of India, and that their sickness is causing danger to the health and happiness of other Indians. B. R. AMBEDKAR Preface to the leash Edition 1944 1 The Second Edition of this sample appeared in 1937, and was exhausted within a very short period. A new edition has been in demand for a long time.It was my intention to recast the essay so as to incorporate into it another essay of mine called Castes in India, their linage and their Mechanism, which appeared in the issue of the Indian antiquary Journal for May 1917. But as I could not find time, and as there is very little shot of my being able to do so, and as the demand for it from the public is very insistent, I am content to let this be a mere reprint of the Second Edition. 2 I am glad to find that this essay has become so popular, and I hope that it will serve the purpose for which it was intended.B. R. AMBEDKAR B. R. AMBEDKAR 22, Prithwiraj Road New Delhi beginning(a) December 1944 1 Introductionwhy I am an unlikely President for this Conference 1 Friends, I am really sorry for the members of the Jat Pat Todak Mandal who have so very kindly invited me to preside over this Conference. I am sure they will be asked many an(prenominal) questions for having selected me as the President. The Mandal will be asked to explain as to why it has imported a man from Bombay to preside over a lock which is held in Lahore .I accept the Mandal could easily have found someone better answer than myself to preside on the occasion. I have criticised the Hindus. I have questioned the authority of the Mahatma whom they revere. They hate me. To them I am a glide in their garden. The Mandal will no doubt be asked by the semi governmentally disposed(p) Hindus to explain why it has called me to fill this place of honour. It is an act of great daring. I s hall not be surprized if some semi policy-making Hindus regard it as an insult. This selection of me certainly cannot please the ordinary religiously minded Hindus. 2 The Mandal may be asked to explain why it has dis obeyed the Shastric injunction in selecting the President. According to the Shastras , the Brahmin is appointed to be the Guru for the three Varnas , , is a steering of the Shastras. The Mandal therefore knows from whom a Hindu should take his less(prenominal)ons and from whom he should not. The Shastras do not permit a Hindu to accept anyone as his Guru merely because he is well versed. This is made very clear by Ramdas , a Brahmin saint from Maharashtra , who is say to have inspired Shivaji to establish a Hindu Raj.In his Dasbodh, a socio politico- religious treatise in Marathi verse, Ramdas asks, addressing the Hindus, can we accept an Antyaja to be our Guru because he is a Pandit (i. e. learned) ? He gives an answer in the negative. 3 What replies to give to t hese questions is a matter which I must leave to the Mandal. The Mandal knows best the reasons which led it to travel to Bombay to select a president, to fix upon a man so inapposite to the Hindus, and to descend so low in the scale as to select an Antyaja an secure to address an audition of the Savarnas. As for myself, you will allow me to say that I ave accepted the invitation much against my will, and also against the will of many of my fellow secures. I know that the Hindus are sick of me. I know that I am not a persona grata =someone welcome with them. Knowing all this, I have deliberately kept myself away(p) from them. I have no desire to inflict myself upon them. I have been giving expression to my views from my own platform. This has already caused a great deal of heart- burn marking and irritation. 4 I have no desire to proceed the platform of the Hindus, to do within their cognizance what I have been doing within their hearing.If I am here it is because of your cho ice and not because of my wish. Yours is a cause of societal mitigate. That cause has always made an appeal to me, and it is because of this that I felt I ought not to refuse an opportunity of jockstraping the causeespecially when you think that I can abet it. Whether what I am going to say today will help you in any way to solve the problem you are grappling with, is for you to judge. All I hope to do is to place in the lead you my views on the problem. 2 Why friendly repair is necessary for policy-making see the light 1 The line of companionable straighten, like the path to paradise (at any rate, in India), is strewn with many difficulties. accessible advance in India has few friends and many critics. The critics fall into two distinct classes. bingle class consists of policy-making reformers, and the other of the societalists. 2 It was at one time severalized that without hearty aptitude, no permanent progress in the other fields of activity was possible that owing to mischief wrought by evil customs, Hindu Society was not in a state of efficiency and that ceaseless efforts must be made to eradicate these evils.It was due to the recognition of this fact that the birth of the National recounting was accompanied by the foundation of the Social Conference. spell the Congress was concern with defining the decrepit points in the political organisation of the country, the Social Conference was engaged in removing the ill-defined points in the genial organisation of the Hindu Society. For some time the Congress and the Conference worked as two wings of one ordinary activity, and they held their annual sessions in the resembling pandal . 3 But in brief the two wings developed into two parties, a political reform party and a hearty reform party, between whom there raged a fierce controversy. The political reform party back up the National Congress, and the complaisant reform party support the Social Conference. The two bodies thus became two multitudeile camps. The point at issue was whether genial reform should precede political reform. For a decade the forces were evenly balanced, and the interlocking was fought without success to either side. 4 It was, however, observable that the fortunes of the Social Conference were ebbing fast. The gentlemen who presided over the sessions of the Social Conference lamented that the majority of the educate Hindus were for political advancement and indifferent to social reform and that while the number of those who process the Congress was very larger-than-life, and the number who did not attend but who sympathized with it was even larger, the number of those who attended the Social Conference was very much smaller. 5 This stolidness, this thinning of its ranks, was soon followed by active hostility from the politicians. at a lower place the leadership of the late Mr. Tilak , the courtesy with which the Congress allowed the Social Conference the use of its pan dal was withdrawn, and the spirit of enmity went to such a leaf that when the Social Conference desired to support its own pandal, a threat to burn the pandal was held out by its opponents. Thus in the course of time the party in favour of political reform won, and the Social Conference vanished and was forgotten. 6 The speech delivered by Mr.W. C. Bonnerji in 1892 at Allahabad, as President of the ordinal session of the Congress, sounds like a funeral dissertation on the death of the Social Conference, and is so typical of the Congress attitude that I venture to quote from it the following extract. Mr. Bonnerji said I for one have no patience with those who say we shall not be fit for political reform until we reform our social system. I fail to see any connection between the two. . . are we not fit (for political reform) because our widows anticipate unmarried and our girls are given in marriage earlier than in other countries? ecause our wives and daughters do not drive abo ut with us visiting our friends? because we do not send our daughters to Oxford and Cambridge? (Cheers from the audience) 7 I have stated the case for political reform as put by Mr. Bonnerji. There were many who were happy that the victory went to the Congress. But those who believe in the importance of social reform may ask, is an argument such as that of Mr. Bonnerji final? Does it prove that the victory went to those who were in the right? Does it prove conclusively that social reform has no target on political reform ?It will help us to understand the matter if I state the other side of the case. I will draw upon the handling of the invulnerables for my facts. 8 Under the rule of the Peshwas in the Maratha country, the unaccessible was not allowed to use the public streets if a Hindu was coming along, lest he should pollute the Hindu by his shadow. The untouchable was required to have a black thread either on his wrist or or so his neck, as a sign or a mark to pr progeny th e Hindus from getting themselves polluted by his touch by mistake.In Poona, the capital of the Peshwa, the untouchable was required to carry, set up from his waist, a broom to sweep away from behind himself the dust he trod on, lest a Hindu walking on the same dust should be polluted. In Poona , the untouchable was required to carry an earthen pot hung around his neck wherever he wentfor holding his spit, lest his spit falling on the earth should pollute a Hindu who might unknowingly happen to yard on it. 9 let me take more recent facts. The tyranny practised by the Hindus upon the Balais, an untouchable community in fundamental India, will serve my purpose.You will find a report of this in the propagation of India of 4th January 1928. The correspondent of the Times of India describe that high caste Hindusviz. , Kalotas, Rajputs and Brahmins , including the Patels and Patwaris of the villages of Kanaria, Bicholi Hafsi, Bicholi Mardana, and about 15 other villages in the Indo re territory (of the Indore landed estate )informed the Balais of their respective villages that if they wished to live among them, they must conform to the following rules 1 . Balais must not unwrap gold- lace- touch pugrees . 2.They must not wear dhotis with slanting or fancy borders. 3 . They must convey intimation =information of the death of any Hindu to relatives of the deceasedno matter how far away these relatives may be living. 4. 5. 6. 7. In all Hindu marriages, Balais must play music before the processions and during the marriage. Balai women must not wear gold or silver ornaments they must not wear fancy gowns or jackets. Balai women must attend all cases of confinement = boorbirth of Hindu women. Balais must render services without demanding remuneration, and must accept whatever a Hindu is pleased to ive. 8 . If the Balais do not agree to abide by these terms, they must clear out of the villages. 10 The Balais refused to comply and the Hindu divisor proceeded ag ainst them. Balais were not allowed to get water from the village swell they were not allowed to let go their cattle to pasture. Balais were prohibited from passing through land owned by a Hindu, so that if the field of a Balai was adjoin by fields owned by Hindus, the Balai could have no access to his own field. The Hindus also let their cattle graze down the fields of Balais.The Balais submitted petitions to the Darbar= Court of Indore against these persecutions but as they could get no seasonably relief, and the oppression continued, hundreds of Balais with their wives and squirtren were obliged to abandon their homesin which their ancestors had lived for generationsand to migrate to adjoining States that is, to villages in Dhar , Dewas , Bagli , Bhopal , Gwalior and other States. What happened to them in their new homes may for the take be left out of our consideration. 11 The adventure at Kavitha in Gujarat happened only last year.The Hindus of Kavitha ordered the untou chables not to insist upon sending their children to the common village school hold by Government. What sufferings the untouchables of Kavitha had to undergo, for daring to exercise a civic right against the wishes of the Hindus, is too well known to need detailed description. another(prenominal) instance occurred in the village of Zanu, in the Ahmedabad district of Gujarat . In November 1935 some untouchable women of well to do families started fetching water in alloy pots.The Hindus looked upon the use of metal pots by untouchables as an af comportment to their high-handedness, and assaulted the untouchable women for their impudence. 12 A most recent event is reported from the village of Chakwara in Jaipur State . It attends from the reports that have appeared in the newspapers that an untouchable of Chakwara who had returned from a pilgrimage had arranged to give a dinner to his fellow untouchables of the village, as an act of religious piety. The host desired to treat the guests to a sumptuous meal, and the items served included ghee (butter) also.But while the assembly of untouchables was engaged in partaking of the nutrient, the Hindus in their hundreds, armed with lathis , rushed to the scene, despoiled the food, and be fag outed the untouchableswho left the food they had been served with and ran away for their lives. And why was this bloody assault committed on defenseless untouchables ? The reason given is that the untouchable host was impudent enough to serve ghee, and his untouchable guests were foolish enough to taste it. Ghee is doubtlessly a luxury for the rich.But no one would think that consumption of ghee was a mark of high social status. The Hindus of Chakwara thought otherwise, and in righteous indignation avenged themselves for the wrong done to them by the untouchables, who insulted them by treating ghee as an item of their foodwhich they ought to have known could not be theirs, consistently with the dignity of the Hindus. This mea ns that an untouchable must not use ghee, even if he can afford to buy it, since it is an act of dignity towards the Hindus. This happened on or about the 1st of April 1936 13 Having stated the facts, let me now state the case for social reform. In doing this, I will follow Mr. Bonnerji as nearly as I can, and ask the political- minded Hindus, ar you fit for political business office even though you do not allow a large class of your own countrymen like the untouchables to use public schools ? Are you fit for political reason even though class of your own countrymen like the untouchables to use public schools ? Are you fit for political creator even though you do not allow them the use of public wells?Are you fit for political power even though you do not allow them the use of public streets ? Are you fit for political power even though you do not allow them to wear what apparel or ornaments they like ? Are you fit for political power even though you do not allow them to eat an y food they like ? I can ask a string of such questions. But these will suffice. 14 I wonder what would have been the reply of Mr. Bonnerji. I am sure no sensible man will have the courage to give an assentient answer.Every Congressman who repeats the dogma of Mill that one country is not fit to rule another country, must admit that one class is not fit to rule another class. How is it then that the social reform party lost(p) the battle ? To understand this properly it is necessary to take note of the kind of social reform which the reformers were agitative for. In this connection it is necessary to make a distinction between social reform in the horse sense of the reform of the Hindu family, and social reform in the sense of the reorganization and reconstruction of the Hindu Society.The former has a relation to widow remarriage, child marriage, etc. , while the latter relates to the abolition of the Caste System . 15 The Social Conference was a body which mainly concerned its elf with the reform of the high caste Hindu family. It consisted mostly of enlightened high caste Hindus who did not feel the necessity for agitating for the abolition of Caste, or had not the courage to agitate for it. They felt quite naturally a greater urge to terminate such evils as enforced widowhood, child marriages, etc. evils which prevailed among them and which were personally felt by them. They did not stand up for the reform of the Hindu Society. The battle that was fought centered round the question of the reform of the family. It did not relate to social reform in the sense of the break- up of the Caste System . It =the break- up of the Caste System was never put in issue by the reformers. That is the reason why the Social Reform Party lost. 16 I am aware that this argument cannot alter the fact that political reform did in fact gain precession over social reform.But the argument has this much prise (if not more) it explains why social reformers lost the battle. I t also helps us to understand how limited was the victory which the political reform party obtained over the social reform party, and to understand that the view that social reform need not precede political reform is a view which may stand only when by social reform is meant the reform of the family. That political reform cannot with impunity take precedence over social reform in the sense of the reconstruction of society, is a thesis which I am sure cannot be controverted. 17 That the makers of political characters must take account of social forces is a fact which is recognized by no less a person than Ferdinand Lassalle, the friend and co- worker of Karl Marx. In addressing a Prussian audience in 1862, Lassalle said The characteral questions are in the first instance not questions of right but questions of might. The actual constitution of a country has its existence only in the actual mark of force which exists in the country hence political constitutions have value and perm anence only when they accurately express those conditions of forces which exist in practice within a society. 18 But it is not necessary to go to Prussia. There is evidence at home. What is the importee of the common allow, with its allocation of political power in defined proportions to diverse classes and communities ? In my view, its significance lies in this that political constitution must take note of social organisation. It shows that the politicians who denied that the social problem in India had any bearing on the political problem were forced to reckon with the social problem in devising the penning.The Communal Award is, so to say, the nemesis following upon the indifference to and neglect of social reform. It is a victory for the Social Reform Party which shows that, though defeated, they were in the right in insisting upon the importance of social reform. Many, I know, will not accept this finding. The view is authentic and it is pleasant to believe in itthat the C ommunal Award is unnatural and that it is the result of an puckish alliance between the minorities and the bureaucracy. I do not wish to rely on the Communal Award as a piece of evidence to support my hostility, if it is said that it is not good evidence. 19 let us turn to Ireland. What does the history of Irish office traffic pattern show ? It is well known that in the course of the negotiations between the re innovateatives of Ulster and Southern Ireland, Mr. Redmond, the representative of Southern Ireland, in order to bring Ulster into a Home harness constitution common to the whole of Ireland, said to the Ireland, in order to bring Ulster into a Home Rule personality common to the whole of Ireland, said to the representatives of Ulster command any political safeguards you like and you shall have them. What was the reply that Ulstermen gave? Their reply was, Damn your safeguards, we dont want to be ruled by you on any terms. People who blame the minorities in India ough t to consider what would have happened to the political aspirations of the majority, if the minorities had taken the attitude which Ulster took. Judged by the attitude of Ulster to Irish Home Rule, is it nothing that the minorities agreed to be ruled by the majority (which has not shown much sense of statesmanship), provided some safeguards were devised for them ?But this is only incidental. The main question is, why did Ulster take this attitude ? The only answer I can give is that there was a social problem between Ulster and Southern Ireland the problem between Catholics and Protestants, which is essentially a problem of Caste. That Home Rule in Ireland would be capital of Italy Rule was the way in which the Ulstermen had framed their answer. But that is only another way of stating that it was the social problem of Caste between the Catholics and Protestants which prevented the solution of the political problem.This evidence again is sure to be challenged. It will be urged that here too the hand of the Imperialist was at work. 20 But my re origins are not exhausted. I will give evidence from the storey of capital of Italy. Here no one can say that any evil magician was at work. Anyone who has studied the tale of Rome will know that the republican organisation of Rome bore marks having strong resemblance to the Communal Award. When the kingship in Rome was abolished, the kingly power (or the Imperium) was divided between the Consuls and the Pontifex Maximus.In the Consuls was vested the secular authority of the King, while the latter took over the religious authority of the King. This republican Constitution had provided that of the two Consuls, one was to be Patrician and the other Plebian. The same Constitution had also provided that of the Priests under the Pontifex Maximus, half were to be Plebians and the other half Patricians. Why is it that the Republican Constitution of Rome had these provisionswhich, as I said, resemble so potently the provisi ons of the Communal Award?The only answer one can get is that the Constitution of Republican Rome had to take account of the social naval air segmentation between the Patricians and the Plebians, who formed two distinct castes. To sum up, let political reformers turn in any direction they like they will find that in the making of a constitution, they cannot ignore the problem arising out of the reign social order. 21 The illustrations which I have taken in support of the proposition that social and religious problems have a bearing on political constitutions seem to be too particular. Perhaps they are.But it should not be supposed that the bearing of the one on the other is limited. On the other hand, one can say that generally speaking, History bears out the proposition that political revolutions have always been preceded by social and religious revolutions. The religious Reformation started by Luther was the herald of the political freedom of the European people. In England, Puritanism led to the establishment of political liberty. Puritanism founded the new world. It was Puritanism that won the war of American Independence, and Puritanism was a religious movement. 22 The same is received of the Muslim Empire . Before the Arabs became a political power, they had undergone a thorough religious revolution started by the Prophet Mohammad. even Indian History supports the same conclusion. The political revolution led by Chandragupta was preceded by the religious and social revolution of Buddha . The political revolution led by Shivaji was preceded by the religious and social reform brought about by the saints of Maharashtra . The political revolution of the Sikhs was preceded by the religious and social revolution led by Guru Nanak .It is unnecessary to add more illustrations. These will suffice to show that the emancipation of the mind and the soul is a necessary preliminary for the political expansion of the people. 3 Why social reform is necessary for scotch reform 1 Let me now turn to the collectiviseds. basis the collectives ignore the problem arising out of the social order? The Socialists of India, following their fellows in Europe, are seeking to apply the sparing reading of history to the facts of India.They propound that man is an scotch creature, that his activities and aspirations are bound by sparing facts, that seat is the only source of power. They therefore preach that political and social reforms are but gigantic illusions, and that stintingal reform by equalization of situation must have precedence over every other kind of reform. angiotensin converting enzyme may take issue with every one of these premiseson which rests the Socialists case for economic reform as having priority over ssue with every one of these premiseson which rests the Socialists case for economic reform as having priority over every other kind of reform. One may indicate that the economic motive is not the only motive by which man is trigger off =motivated. That economic power is the only kind of power, no student of human society can accept. 2 That the social status of an single(a) by itself often becomes a source of power and authority, is made clear by the sway which the Mahatmas have held over the common man. Why do millionaires in India obey penniless Sadhus and Fakirs ?Why do millions of paupers in India sell their trifling trinkets which constitute their only wealth, and go to Benares and Mecca ? That religion is the source of power is illustrated by the history of India, where the priest holds a sway over the common man often greater than that of the magistrate, and where everything, even such things as strikes and elections, so easily takes a religious turn and can so easily be given a religious twist. 3 Take the case of the Plebians of Rome, as a further illustration of the power of religion over man. It throws great light on this point.The Plebians had fought for a share in the supreme executive under the roman print Republic, and had secured the appointment of a Plebian Consul elected by a separate electorate constituted by the Commitia Centuriata, which was an assembly of Plebians. They wanted a Consul of their own because they felt that the Patrician Consuls used to part against the Plebians in carrying on the administration. They had apparently obtained a great gain, because under the Republican Constitution of Rome one Consul had the power of vetoing an act of the other Consul. 4 But did they in fact gain anything?The answer to this question must be in the negative. The Plebians never could get a Plebian Consul who could be said to be a strong man, and who could act singly of the Patrician Consul. In the ordinary course of things the Plebians should have got a strong Plebian Consul, in view of the fact that his election was to be by a separate electorate of Plebians. The question is, why did they fail in getting a strong Plebian to officiate as their Consul? 5 The a nswer to this question reveals the dominion which religion exercises over the minds of men.It was an accepted creed of the whole Roman populus =people that no authorised could enter upon the duties of his office unless the Oracle of Delphi state that he was acceptable to the Goddess. The priests who were in charge of the temple of the Goddess of Delphi were all Patricians. Whenever therefore the Plebians elected a Consul who was known to be a strong party man and argue to the Patriciansor communal, to use the term that is menstruum in Indiathe Oracle invariably declare that he was not acceptable to the Goddess. This is how the Plebians were cheated out of their rights. 6 But what is worthy of note is that the Plebians permitted themselves to be thus cheated because they too, like the Patricians, held hard the belief that the acclamation of the Goddess was a condition precedent to the taking charge by an official of his duties, and that election by the people was not enough. I f the Plebians had contended that election was enough and that the approval by the Goddess was not necessary, they would have derived the fullest benefit from the political right which they had obtained. But they did not.They agreed to elect another, less suitable to themselves but more suitable to the Goddesswhich in fact meant more amenable to the Patricians. Rather than give up religion, the Plebians give up the satisfying gain for which they had fought so hard. Does this not show that religion can be a source of power as great as money, if not greater? 7 The error of the Socialists lies in supposing that because in the present lay out of European Society property as a source of power is frequent, that the same is on-key of India, or that the same was unbent of Europe in the past. Religion, social status, and property are all sources of ower and authority, which one man has, to control the liberty of another. One is predominant at one stage the other is predominant at anothe r stage. That is the only difference. If liberty is the ideal, if liberty means the destruction of the dominion which one man holds over another, then obviously it cannot be insisted upon that economic reform must be the one kind of reform worthy of pursuit. If the source of power and dominion is, at any given time or in any given society, social and religious, then social reform and religious reform must be accepted as the necessary sort of reform. 8 One can thus attack the precept of the Economic Interpretation of History pick out by the Socialists of India. But I recognize that the economic interpretation of history is not necessary for the validity of the Socialist contention that equalization of property is the only real reform and that it must precede everything else. However, what I would like to ask the Socialists is this Can you have economic reform without first bringing about a reform of the social order? The Socialists of India do not seem to have considered this quest ion. I do not wish to do them an injustice. I give below aSocialists of India do not seem to have considered this question. I do not wish to do them an injustice. I give below a quotation from a letter which a prominent Socialist wrote a few days past to a friend of mine, in which he said, I do not believe that we can build up a free society in India so long as there is a trace of this ill treatment and crushing of one class by another. accept as I do in a socialist ideal, inevitably I believe in perfect comparison in the treatment of various classes and groups. I think that fabianism offers the only true remedy for this as well as other problems. 9 Now the question that I would like to ask is Is it enough for a Socialist to say, I believe in perfect equivalence in the treatment of the various classes ? To say that such a belief is enough is to disclose a complete lack of understanding of what is involve in Socialism. If Socialism is a practical(a) programme and is not mer ely an ideal, yonder and far off, the question for a Socialist is not whether he believes in equality. The question for him is whether he minds one class ill treating and suppressing another class as a matter of system, as a matter of rincipleand thus allowing tyranny and oppression to continue to divide one class from another. 10 Let me analyse the factors that are involved in the realization of Socialism, in order to explain fully my point. Now it is obvious that the economic reform contemplated by the Socialists cannot come about unless there is a revolution resulting in the seizure of power. That seizure of power must be by a proletariat. The first question I ask is volition the proletariat of India combine to bring about this revolution? What will move men to such an action?It seems to me that, other things being equal, the only thing that will move one man to take such an action is the feeling that other men with whom he is acting are trigger off by a feeling of equality an d fraternity andabove allof justice. men will not join in a revolution for the equalization of property unless they know that after the revolution is touchd they will be treated equally, and that there will be no discrimination of caste and creed. 11 The assurance of a Socialist leading the revolution that he does not believe in Caste, I am sure will not suffice.The assurance must be the assurance proceeding from a much deeper foundationnamely, the mental attitude of the compatriots towards one another in their spirit of personal equality and fraternity. Can it be said that the proletariat of India, ugly as it is, recognises no distinctions except that of the rich and the inadequate? Can it be said that the poor in India recognize no such distinctions of caste or creed, high or low? If the fact is that they do, what unity of front can be expected from such a proletariat in its action against the rich?How can there be a revolution if the proletariat cannot present a united front ? 12 articulate for the sake of argument that by some freak of fortune a revolution does take place and the Socialists come into power will they not have to deal with the problems created by the particular social order prevalent in India ? I cant see how a Socialist State in India can function for a second without having to get away with the problems created by the prejudices which make Indian people observe the distinctions of high and low, clean and unclean.If Socialists are not to be content with the mouthing of fine phrases, if the Socialists wish to make Socialism a definite reality, then they must recognize that the problem of social reform is fundamental, and that for them there is no escape from it. 13 That the social order prevalent in India is a matter which a Socialist must deal with that unless he does so he cannot achieve his revolution and that if he does achieve it as a result of good fortune, he will have to grapple with the social order if he wishes to realize his idealis a proposition which in my opinion is incontrovertible.He will be compelled to take account of Caste after the revolution, if he does not take account of it before the revolution. This is only another way of tell that, turn in any direction you like, Caste is the monster that crosses your path. You cannot have political reform, you cannot have economic reform, unless you kill this monster. 4 Caste is not just a grade of labour, it is a division of labourers 1 It is a favor that Caste even today has its defenders. The defences are many.It is defended on the ground that the Caste System is but another name for division of labour and if division of labour is a necessary feature of every cultured society, then it is argued that there is nothing wrong in the Caste System. Now the first thing that is to be urged against this view is that the Caste System is not merely a division of labour. It is also a division of labourers . Civilized society undoubtedly postulate division o f labour. But in no civilized society is division of labour accompanied by this unnatural undoubtedly needs division of labour.But in no civilized society is division of labour accompanied by this unnatural division of labourers into watertight compartments. The Caste System is not merely a division of labourers which is quite different from division of labourit is a hierarchy in which the divisions of labourers are class-conscious one above the other. In no other country is the division of labour accompanied by this gradation of labourers. 2 There is also a third point of criticism against this view of the Caste System . This division of labour is not spontaneous, it is not based on natural aptitudes.Social and mortal efficiency requires us to develop the dexterity of an individual to the point of competency to occupy and to make his own career. This principle is violate in the Caste System, in so far as it involves an attempt to appoint tasks to individuals in advanceselected not on the basis of trained original capacities, but on that of the social status of the parents. 3